Stark effect pdf download

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For the fixed s, according to the formula 2. We have found that in spite of the deep similarity of the charge-dyon system with the hydrogen atom, the relation of the former system to the Stark effect is qualitatively differs from the latter one. Namely, in the MIC-Kepler problem there is the linear Stark effect which completely removes the degeneracy on azimuth quantum number m.

It deserves to be mentioned, that the Stark effect for the charge-dyon system cannot be naively transferred on to the system of two dyons. In the latter case the interaction of the external field with the magnetic charge have to be to be taken into consideration.

Hence, the Stark effect in the system of two Dirac dyons will be equivalent to the superposition of should be the superposition of the Stark and Zeeman effects in the charge-dyon system.

Undoubtedly, the existance in the charge-dyon system of the linear Stark effect, as well as of the nonzero dipole momentum is due to the presence of magnetic monopole. Besides, the formal equivalence of the MIC-Kepler system and of the two well-separated BPS dyons supposes the dependence of the coupling constant of the latter system both on the coupling constant and of the energy of the MIC-Kepler.

It seems to be interesting consider the Stark effect in the MIC-Kepler system on the sphere and hyperboloid, with the aim of the revealing its dependence on the space curvature. The authors are grateful to Valery Ter-Antonyan for useful discussions and remarks. References [1] D.

McIntosh and A. Iwai and Y. A21 , Nersessian and V. Nersessian, V. Ter-Antonyan and M. Tsulaia, Mod. A11 ,; A. Mardoyan, A.

Sissakian and V. A14 , A12 , ; L. Sissakian, V. Ter-Antonyan, Theor. Mardoyan, Phys. Blacks are more likely to own costlier debt than whites. As data from the Survey of Consumer Finances show, blacks are also more likely to miss a payment, postpone a payment, or borrow in an emergency. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau CFPB was established in the wake of the financial crisis with a mission to protect consumers from fraud, discrimination, and abuse in the financial marketplace.

Considering the disparate treatment blacks have received in the financial marketplace for decades, this agency is critical to protecting them from wealth-stripping products and policies.

The agency has targeted discriminatory lending in the auto loan, home loan, and credit card industries. It has also targeted payday lending companies—which are disproportionately located in predominately black communities—and defended vulnerable communities against large corporations in arbitration. This protective effort should move forward. Policymakers and the public should be vigilant to ensure that it does not change direction to the detriment of borrowers.

Such efforts would most certainly carry negative consequences for consumers—particularly people of color. Policymakers should continue to monitor developments at the CFPB and, if new leadership fails to promote or enforce borrower protections, states should consider filling the void. Eighteen percent of African Americans do not have a bank account compared with just 3 percent of whites, making them more reliant on and vulnerable to predatory lending.

Black and Hispanic households were also much more likely to report that they felt that banks were not interested in serving them. Better protections for prepaid cards and payday loans should ensure that companies compete on offering the best product—not on gouging consumers. Finally, consumers need access to safe, affordable products that build trust with customers who may be disconnected from the financial mainstream.

Blacks are much more likely to take on student debt in order to attend college and to default than their white counterparts. This is true regardless of whether or not the student completes their degree. The type of institution matters as well. Black students are more likely to attend for-profit colleges, and among students who entered college in , three-quarters of black students who dropped out of private, for-profit colleges defaulted on their student loans.

Leaving school with no education debt would also mean black students could start building wealth more quickly. The data above show that merely increasing educational attainment and improving employment outcomes for blacks will not close the racial wealth gap. While a college education slightly narrows the wealth gap between blacks and whites, it remains quite large, suggesting that a college education is not the great equalizer it is often believed to be.

It is important that policies addressing employment outcomes be focused on equitable access to the labor market and equitable returns to participation. The following recommendations focus on policies that will improve outcomes for black workers by strengthening bargaining power and lowering the cost of access to a variety of benefits, including health care, child care, paid family and medical leave, education, and training.

While it is difficult to measure how much labor market discrimination accounts for the low wages and employment rates among black workers, it is clear that it does account for some share of the disparity. As a result, black workers generally have lower wages and less workplace bargaining power than whites.

Academics such as William A. Darity Jr. Union density has been on the decline among all workers but has disproportionately affected African Americans, who are overrepresented among union workers. In , for example, nearly one-third of black workers were union members; by , that number fell to 14 percent.

CAP has repeatedly called for policies that will increase worker power and make it easier for workers to engage in collective bargaining. In a recent report, CAP proposed four essential changes to the structure of collective bargaining that would help facilitate greater worker power.

A criminal record can have a substantial and negative impact on opportunities for employment. In recent years, states and the federal government have taken steps to unwind the damage done to communities of color by the carceral state by implementing fair chance policies such as ban-the-box and record clearing, as well as paying incarcerated individuals at least the minimum wage for any work they perform.

Roosevelt in The law, in part, created a program that would pay individuals 65 years old and older a continuing income after retirement. For example, in , 30 percent of elderly black married couples and 50 percent of elderly black unmarried individuals relied on Social Security for 90 percent or more of their income. It is essential that conservative policymakers—who have shown an appetite for cutting essential safety net programs—do not harm Social Security.

As noted above, African Americans are more likely to experience negative income shocks and less likely to be able to draw on savings or access financial assistance from friends or family in an emergency, such as the onset of an illness. While the Affordable Care Act has lowered the uninsured rate among blacks by more than one-third, blacks are still more likely to be uninsured than whites.

Comprehensive work-family policies are essential for all workers but are even more crucial for black workers, particularly black women. Black women face discrimination in the workplace because of both their race and gender. It is essential, however, that policies focused on expanding access to postsecondary education are focused on expanding access to education that is both high-quality and affordable. As mentioned above, black students are more likely than white students to enroll in for-profit colleges and are 50 percent more likely to default on their student loans than white students at for-profit colleges.

For-profit colleges are often more costly than public alternatives and have worse student outcomes. Access to postsecondary education must emphasize both affordability and quality to ensure that black students receive a positive return on their investment.

Policymakers should take additional steps to ensure strong and sustained oversight of for-profit colleges. Race-based affirmative action policies can help ensure equitable access to postsecondary institutions. Finally, black workers need greater access to quality workforce training that can lead to good jobs, such as apprenticeship programs, and that can have a positive impact on wages.

The gap in wealth between black families and white families remains persistently large. This is especially true in the wake of the Great Recession. Intentional policy interventions are required to make any significant progress in closing this gap. Maintaining the status quo translates into another years before African Americans have the same level of wealth as their white counterparts.

The black-white wealth gap is a product of intentional systematic policy choices. The only way to correct this wrong is to make intentional systematic changes in response. Cummings D-MD. Benjamin L. Christian E. The positions of American Progress, and our policy experts, are independent, and the findings and conclusions presented are those of American Progress alone.

A full list of supporters is available here. American Progress would like to acknowledge the many generous supporters who make our work possible. Sam Fulwood III. Andrew Satter , Jeremy Slevin. Colin Seeberger Director, Media Relations. Peter Gordon Director, Government Affairs. Madeline Shepherd Director, Government Affairs. In this article.

InProgress Stay updated on our work on the most pressing issues of our time. According to Federal Reserve data highlighted throughout this report, there are several key drivers perpetuating the considerable wealth gap between white and black Americans: African Americans own approximately one-tenth of the wealth of white Americans. In , the median wealth for nonretired black households 25 years old and older was less than one-tenth that of similarly situated white households.

In , immediately before the Great Recession, the median wealth of blacks was nearly 14 percent that of whites. For a variety of reasons, blacks are more likely to experience negative income shocks but are less likely to have access to emergency savings. As a consequence, blacks are more likely to fall behind on their bills and go into debt during times of emergency.

African Americans face systematic challenges in narrowing the wealth gap with whites. For instance, the median wealth for black households with a college degree equaled about 70 percent of the median wealth for white households without a college degree. The gap worsens as households grow older. In , blacks between 50 and 65 years old and near retirement had only about 10 percent of the wealth of whites in the same age group. This is down from the approximately percent gap in , when the same groups of people were between 32 and 47 years old.

African Americans have fewer assets than whites and are less likely to be homeowners, to own their own business, and to have a retirement account. The most recent data available, from , show that when blacks owned such assets, they were worth significantly less than assets owned by whites. Black households have more costly debt. However, because blacks owed larger amounts of high-interest debt—such as installment credit and student and car loans—the debt they typically owed was more expensive.

For example, blacks carry larger credit card balances than whites. African American wealth and its accumulation.

From slavery to Jim Crow, from redlining to school segregation, and from mass incarceration to environmental racism, policies have consistently impeded or inhibited African Americans from having access to opportunities to realize the American dream.

Comparing wealth inequality with income inequality. Wealth is more concentrated than income Wealth is a critical tool for families to finance and achieve economic mobility. The persistent and widening racial wealth gap.

In the wake of the Great Recession, which lasted from through , America has seen its black-white wealth gap increase sharply. Black households are in greater need of wealth For a variety of reasons, African Americans are more vulnerable to economic insecurity and therefore are in greater need of wealth. African Americans face systematic obstacles in shrinking the wealth gap.

Black households have less access to critical savings vehicles Much of the wealth gap can be traced to blacks having significantly less access to important savings vehicles—such as housing and retirement accounts—than their white counterparts. African Americans are burdened with more costly debt On the other side of the ledger, debt tends to be more detrimental to blacks than for whites, largely because the types of debt they owe—such as car or student loans—are more costly.

Income and employment are yet additional obstacles Similar to the wealth gap, the income gap has worsened over time. Build savings The analysis in the earlier sections of this report reinforces how critical assets are to wealth building and to intergenerational wealth transmission.

Expand housing and homeownership among black families Housing has always been and continues to be the main vehicle for families to build wealth. Expand access to Community Development Financial Institutions Community Development Financial Institutions CDFIs are banks, credit unions, and other local financial institutions that support small businesses and affordable housing and provide other financial needs to distressed urban and rural communities that mainstream banks do not serve.

Support and protect intentional policy changes for fair housing As the data in this report reflects, making policy changes to close the black-white wealth gap must be an intentional process. Ensure access to affordable rental housing Saving for a down payment on a home is a challenge for most Americans, and doing so becomes increasingly challenging for families who do not have access to affordable rental housing options. Protect the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau CFPB was established in the wake of the financial crisis with a mission to protect consumers from fraud, discrimination, and abuse in the financial marketplace.

Improve access to banking Eighteen percent of African Americans do not have a bank account compared with just 3 percent of whites, making them more reliant on and vulnerable to predatory lending.

Improve college affordability Blacks are much more likely to take on student debt in order to attend college and to default than their white counterparts. Improve income and employment The data above show that merely increasing educational attainment and improving employment outcomes for blacks will not close the racial wealth gap. Support a job guarantee While it is difficult to measure how much labor market discrimination accounts for the low wages and employment rates among black workers, it is clear that it does account for some share of the disparity.

Improve access to health care As noted above, African Americans are more likely to experience negative income shocks and less likely to be able to draw on savings or access financial assistance from friends or family in an emergency, such as the onset of an illness.

Expand access to paid leave and child care and ensure equal pay Comprehensive work-family policies are essential for all workers but are even more crucial for black workers, particularly black women. The sources referenced throughout this report employ either or both black and African American. The persistence of the racial wealth gap has received substantial attention from scholars over the past three decades. Key findings, regardless of data sources, are that African Americans have significantly less wealth than whites; that wealth tends to be more volatile for African Americans than for whites; and that there is no trend toward a shrinking wealth gap by race.